Damian Sendler: Psychiatry is one of the fastest-growing clinical medical areas, because to the tremendous growth in mental diseases and mental illnesses. As a result, an increasing number of works in this topic have been published in scientific journals.
Damian Jacob Sendler: There were four phases in the development of psychiatry. Studies on child and adolescent psychiatry, diagnostic and classification criteria, brain imaging, and molecular genetics were found to be the most common research areas in the psychiatric profession.
The findings provide light on how and where psychiatric research has developed throughout time. In addition to providing appropriate proposals to steer psychiatric research and scientific data to assist in the successful prevention and treatment of mental problems, this study may also help researchers select the path of psychiatric research.
Dr. Sendler: The social lives of people. More than 4.5 billion people throughout the globe are thought to be affected by mental disease [1]. Mental illness is the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), according to the World Health Organization (WHO). This is more than cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and malignant tumors. One of the fastest-growing clinical medical areas is psychiatry because of the enormous growth in mental problems and illnesses.
Damian Sendler
Since its inception over a century ago, the discipline of psychiatry has evolved tremendously. In the latter half of the twentieth century, psychiatric research achieved significant improvements in methodology and in its application to the area of biomedical research. A significant number of researchers have focused their attention on psychiatry, which has resulted in significant new findings being added to the body of knowledge. To show how the discipline of psychiatry has changed throughout time, we employed visualization analysis. The path of psychiatric research in order to prevent and treat mental diseases was determined by identifying authors, published papers, and important issues in the area of psychiatry.
Uses document cocitation analysis, which is an approach to investigate on the development and emphasis of research in psychotherapy, in this investigation. Paper A and paper B have a co-citation connection when paper C simultaneously cites both papers A and B [5,6], according to the 1973 theory of document co-citation proposed by Small and Marshakora. After document co-citation analysis, clusters in research areas may be identified, and the change in these clusters over time can be used to track changes in the field of study. As a means of making our study findings more accessible, we used the visualization program CiteSpace (http://www.cis.drexel.edu / cchen/citespace) to create knowledge maps that show our findings in an easy-to-understand way. Chaomei Chen, a professor at Drexel University in the United States, was the brains behind CiteSpace’s creation. Dr. Chaomei Chen has researched and is a worldwide specialist in the technique of information visualization. This was done in CiteSpace by setting the ‘years per slice’ to one and the ‘years per slice’ to 1983–1992, 1993–2002, and 2003–2012. They included: “title,” “abstract,” “author keywords,” and “keywords and additional.” “cited reference” was used to choose the “node types.” Our “top N per slice” was set to 50, which meant that the most frequently referenced papers were picked for each “time slicing” of the data. In addition, we used the network analysis tool ‘pathfinder’ for this purpose. In the network, the nodes and lines were formed automatically [7]. There were various sized and colored nodes that represented the articles that built the overall network. An article’s citation history was shown in the form of citation tree-rings. Indicated by the color of the citation ring, when the citation was made may be deduced from it. The amount of citations in a time slice was directly related to the thickness of a ring [8]. One of the most significant theories or new concepts was symbolized by the purple ring. Multivariate, time-sharing, and dynamic complex network analysis are all made possible via the use of the visualization instrument, a new generation of information visualization tools. Using this strategy, researchers are able to examine and interpret information quickly to establish a model and the regularities of citations [9]. An activity’s position and authority in their social network are reflected in their degree of centrality. When an entity has a high centrality in a collaborative network, it is referred to as the “central entity” and is in charge of a significant amount of the collaborative network’s research resources.
Kraepelin, E’s “Psychological work experiments” was the first publication published in the subject of psychiatry back in 1921[10]. As a result of this study, Kraepelin is known since the “contemporary father of psychiatry,” as he provided the groundwork for the field. In 1950, Bleuler, E. wrote a book on Praecox dementia and schizophrenia. This study goes into great length on the symptoms and signs of schizophrenia as a mental illness. These new symptoms include associative disorder, affective disorder ambivalent disorders and autistic disorders.
Damian Jacob Markiewicz Sendler: Psychiatry’s attention was divided throughout this time between two main lines of inquiry. In addition, there was the diagnosis of mental diseases. In 1962, Overall, JE created “The brief psychiatric rating-scale” [11]. For functional psychosis, this scale has been extensively utilized in worldwide joint research. In an essay titled “Clinical criteria for psychiatric diagnosis and DSM-III” [12], Spitzer, RL created the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1975. The study of psychopathology and aberrant brain morphology was also a major emphasis. Psychopathology was the subject of two important papers. Molecular pathology of schizophrenia-more than one disease process” by Crow, TJ and “Negative V positive schizophrenia-definition and validation” by Andreasen, NC were published in 1980 and 1982, respectively. “Cerebral ventricular size and neuropsychological impairment in young chronic schizophrenics” by Golden, CJ in 1980 [15] and “Persistence of cerebral in chronic schizophrenia as determined by positron emission tomography” by Wolkin, A in 1985 [16] were important articles on abnormal brain morphology. [15, 16]
Three other study avenues were pursued during this timeframe. It was first noted that the clinical effectiveness and security of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in patients with depression were examined in the 1965 publication “The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction ECT response” [17]. the “family and social influences on the course psychiatric illness” article According to the 1976 study “A comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients” authored by Vaugh CE, society and family impact mental health patients [18]. [19, 20] To round out the data supporting the use of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the diagnosis of melancholia, Carroll, BJ published a study titled “A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia” [19].
Damian Jacob Sendler
It was in 1959 when one of the most important articles of this era appeared. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) was a commonly used anxiety scale, and Hamilton, M wrote a paper titled “The assessment of anxiety states by rating” in 1959. “A Rating Scale for Depression” by Hamilton, M was also frequently used in 1960 [21]. Another important work from this time period was “Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness,” published in 1967 by Hamilton, M. In 1970, Simpson, GM released an essay titled “A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects” that described the psychotropic medication scale’s extrapyramidal adverse effects. According to Spitzer’s “A diagnostic interview: The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS)” published in 1978, this measure was intended to decrease information variance in both the descriptive and diagnostic assessment of a subject [24].
Damien Sendler: During this period of time, research into psychopathology and aberrant brain morphology saw a huge surge in publications. An article on the definition and reliability of “negative symptoms in schizophrenia” was authored by Andreasen in 1982 [14]. JA Kovelman published “A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia” in 1984. It has been shown that schizophrenia is linked to a decrease in the number of pyramidal cells in the brain [25]. It was Bogerts, B. in 1985 that wrote “Basal ganglia and limbic system pathology in schizophrenia” and expanded on the connection between the limbic system and schizophrenia in his book [26]. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex physiologic dysfunction in schizophrenia was reported by Weinberger, DR in 1986 and 1987, respectively, in his two papers titled “Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.” It was indicated by these two papers that the association between schizophrenia and dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was not a general occurrence. As a result of Kay, SR’s work in this area in 1987, the “positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia” was developed as a way to identify between types of schizophrenia based on the presence of positive or negative symptoms.
In addition, a number of important studies were published during this time period that signaled significant developments in the discipline. As an example, in 1988, “Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic” was authored by Kane, J.. Clozapine is a medication used to treat schizophrenia [30]. The field of neurological biochemistry has also expanded. Coccaro, EF authored “Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders” back in 1989, for one example. This research found that a subset of individuals with significant affective and personality disorders had a decline in central serotonergic functioning, which was also linked to suicidal behaviors and impulsive violent behavior. Brain imaging research has also recently surfaced [31]. “A quantitative magnetic-resonance imaging study of temporal lobe abnormalities and thought disorder in schizophrenia” was authored by Shenton, ME in 1992. When it comes to determining whether someone has schizophrenia, postmortem exams, CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were all used to examine the brains of the deceased. Mayberg HS wrote “Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness” in 1999. Using PET scans, researchers established a correlation between sadness and a negative mood in the limbic and cortex.
Psychiatry as a field of study dates back to the late 1800s. This discipline started to steadily grow in the 1920s. The paper “Psychological work experiments,” published in 1921 by E. Kraepelin, was a major publication that lay the groundwork for the study of psychiatry. So Kraepelin became known as the father of modern psychiatry. Psychiatry joined the realm of biomedicine in the latter half of the twentieth century. “Praecox dementia and schizophrenia,” written in 1950 by prominent psychiatrist Bleuler, E, presented the “4A” symptoms of the disorder. From 1983 to 2012, three distinct phases of growth and research orientations in the area of psychiatry were discernible.
There was a first stage of research on mental diseases in the 1960s through the 1970s. “The assessment of anxiety states by rating” and “A rating scale for depression,” both produced by Hamilton, M, served as the representative document. ‘ Spitzer, RL went on to write a slew of papers detailing the severity of various mental illnesses, all of which were critical to the field’s early growth.
The 1980s marked the beginning of the second phase of study into psychopathology and aberrant brain anatomy. “Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process” was authored by Crow, TJ in 1980. Positive signs of schizophrenia were shown to constitute a distinct disease process or distinct symptoms in this work; this was a major achievement in the research on developmental psychopathology in the psychiatric community. Weinberger, DR released a slew of publications at this period on schizophrenia’s aberrant brain morphology, laying the groundwork for future research.
In the 1990s, the third stage of study into the role of neurotransmitters in mental diseases came to a close. A new paradigm for psychiatric study was born during this time period when Coccaro, EF, Murray, AM, and Egan, MF published articles describing the many neurotransmitters associated with mental diseases.
Emotion and molecular genetics were the focus of psychiatric study in the early years of the twenty-first century. Psychiatric research has increasingly focused on molecular genetics and the finding of crucial candidate genes as a consequence of the human genome project’s advancements [58]. The publications authored by Purcell, SM during this era set the groundwork for study on molecular genetics in the area of psychiatric research.
Psychiatry has become one of the fastest-growing clinical medical specialties due to a rise in mental diseases and mental illnesses. We were able to zero down on certain areas of interest in the field of psychiatry using hierarchal grouping. Depression, schizophrenia, and the use of drugs to treat mental illness dominated psychiatric research throughout each of these historical periods. First and second-period research was also focused on the categorization and diagnosis of mental diseases. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and changes in brain biochemistry (Figures 4, 5, and 6) dominated early research. The focus of study shifted to sleep problems during the second phase.
In addition, in recent years, research in the psychiatric profession has focused on mental illnesses in children and adolescence, brain imaging, and molecular genetics. Adolescent mental health is affected by elements that are distinct from those that influence adults because of the unique qualities of childhood and adolescence. Since the number of children and adolescents with mental problems has risen considerably in recent years, the study of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence has become a research trend. Anatomical structure, function and metabolic changes in the brain may now be studied using imaging technology. This technology has been extensively used in the research of major mental diseases.
In addition, molecular genetics is a current trend in the area of psychiatry. Studies demonstrate that mental illnesses are complicated polygenetic diseases, hence study into susceptibility genes for mental disorders has been a primary goal. In light of the tremendous advancements in molecular biology theory and technology, gene study is rapidly progressing. In addition, as genome-wide association analysis advances, additional potential genes for mental illness will be discovered. It is critical to identify genes that are associated with certain clinical symptoms of mental illnesses since these diseases are the most costly to society. Drug treatments may begin based on the genotypes of those who need them. As a result, individuals with a variety of mental diseases will be able to get tailored therapy.
The area of psychiatry has grown considerably since the 1980s. New methods of brain imaging have been made possible by advances in a variety of fields, including neurobiochemistry, psychopharmacology, and molecular genetics. Aside from these basic shifts in our understanding of mental diseases, the application of ideas from psychology and sociology has also helped to establish the biopsychosocial medical paradigm. The pathogenetic significance of psychological factors in mental diseases may now be understood at the molecular level and by people themselves. In the 21st century, the biopsychosocial approach, current medical theories, and new technological applications used to prevent, diagnose, and treat mental diseases will lead to major advancements in the discipline of psychiatry.
